Understanding Nasal Polyps
Nasal polyps are soft, painless, and noncancerous growths that develop in the lining of the nasal passages and sinuses due to chronic inflammation. While small nasal polyps may go unnoticed, larger polyps can cause nasal obstruction, difficulty breathing, and an increased risk of chronic sinus infections.
Nasal polyps can occur in one or both nostrils and are more common in adults. They often develop in people with conditions like chronic sinusitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, or cystic fibrosis.
If nasal polyps interfere with breathing, cause frequent infections, or lead to persistent nasal congestion, seeking treatment from an ENT specialist is essential.
What Causes Nasal Polyps?
Nasal polyps develop due to chronic inflammation, but specific triggers vary among individuals. Some common causes and risk factors include:
1. Chronic Sinus Infections
People with chronic sinusitis (sinus inflammation lasting over 12 weeks) are more likely to develop nasal polyps. Ongoing sinus infections cause swelling in the nasal lining, creating an environment where polyps can form.
2. Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) and Environmental Irritants
Allergic reactions to pollen, dust mites, pet dander, mold, or air pollution can trigger nasal inflammation, increasing the risk of polyp formation. Nasal allergy symptoms like sneezing, runny nose, and congestion often precede nasal polyps.
3. Asthma and Respiratory Conditions
People with asthma often experience nasal inflammation, which makes them more susceptible to polyps. Some patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) are at particularly high risk.
4. Genetic Factors and Immune System Issues
Some individuals inherit a genetic predisposition for nasal polyps, particularly those with conditions like cystic fibrosis. Additionally, immune system disorders that cause chronic inflammation can contribute to polyp development.
Symptoms of Nasal Polyps
Nasal polyps do not contain nerves, so they don’t cause pain. However, they block nasal airflow, leading to frustrating symptoms, including:
- Persistent nasal congestion, making it difficult to breathe through the nose.
- Frequent sinus infections due to mucus buildup.
- Postnasal drip, leading to throat irritation.
- Snoring or sleep disturbances, sometimes worsening sleep apnea.
- Reduced or lost sense of smell and taste, which can be long-term.
- Headaches or facial pressure, often similar to sinus headaches.
If nasal congestion persists for more than 10 days or you frequently experience sinus infections, consult an ENT specialist for an evaluation.
When to Seek Medical Attention for Nasal Polyps
You should schedule an appointment with an ENT if you experience:
- Persistent nasal congestion that does not improve with over-the-counter treatments.
- Frequent sinus infections, particularly if they require antibiotics multiple times per year.
- Difficulty breathing through your nose, affecting sleep or daily activities.
- Snoring and suspected sleep apnea, which may worsen due to nasal obstruction.
- Facial pain, pressure, or headaches linked to sinus blockages.
If left untreated, nasal polyps can grow larger, further blocking airflow and increasing the risk of recurring infections. In severe cases, nasal polyps may require surgical removal.